Our history

The archives of the Fabian Society are held at the London School of Economics, including a comprehensive digital archive. If you’re interested in the history of the Fabian Society and would like to write for us on any aspect of the society’s past, please contact our editorial director Kate Murray. We are particularly seeking to commission articles on the Fabian Society’s historic engagement with race and Empire.

The Fabian name

The Fabian Society derives its name from the Roman general Quintus Fabius, known for his strategy of delaying his attacks on the invading Carthaginians until the right moment. The name Fabian Society was explained in the first Fabian pamphlet which carried the note:

“For the right moment you must wait, as Fabius did most patiently, when warring against Hannibal, though many censured his delays; but when the time comes you must strike hard, as Fabius did, or your waiting will be in vain, and fruitless.”

The Early Fabians: “Educate, Agitate, Organise”

The Fabian Society was founded on 4th January 1884 as an off-shoot of the Fellowship of the New Life. The new Society soon attracted some of the most prominent left-wing thinkers of the late Victorian era to its ranks.

The 1880s saw an upsurge in socialist activity in Britain and the Fabian Society was at the heart of much of it. Against the backdrop of the Match Girls’ strike and the 1889 London Dock strike, the landmark Fabian Essays was published, containing essays by George Bernard Shaw, Graham Walls, Sidney Webb, Sydney Olivier and Annie Besant. All the contributors were united by their rejection of violent upheaval as a method of change, preferring to use the power of local government and trade unionism to transform society.

The early Fabians’ commitment to non-violent political change was underlined by the role the Fabian Society played in parliamentary politics. Having initially sought to influence the Liberal and Conservative parties, the Fabians participated in the foundation of the Labour party in 1900. The society has been affiliated to Labour throughout the party’s history and is the only original founder that remains affiliated in unchanged form.

None of the early figures in the society were more significant than Beatrice and Sidney Webb in developing the ideas that would come to characterise Fabian thinking and in developing the thorough research methodology that remains a feature of the Society to the present day. Both prodigious authors, Beatrice and Sidney wrote extensively on a wide range of topics, but it was Beatrice’s 1909 Minority Report to the Commission of the Poor Law that was perhaps their most remembered contribution. This landmark report provided the foundation stone for much of the modern welfare state.

The members of the society were radicals for their time but their views reflected the age they lived in. Leading members of the society held racist prejudices and opinions which were not in keeping with the society’s commitment to equality for all, either then or now. Fabians engaged in debates on eugenics and were racist towards people of Jewish, black and Asian origin. Views on the role of Empire varied amongst members, with some supporting rapid decolonisation and others seeing the British Empire as a potentially progressive force in the world.

The London School of Economics & the New Statesman

Two other abiding contributions of the Webbs that persist until the present day are the New Statesman magazine and the London School of Economics.

The London School of Economics, today one of the most pre-eminent universities in the world, began far more humbly. A bequest of £20,000 left by Derby Fabian Henry Hutchinson to the Society for “propaganda and other purposes” was used by the Webbs, Graham Wallas and George Bernard Shaw to found a research institute to provide proof positive of the collectivist ideal. The LSE flourished and continued to associate with Fabian academics including Harold Laski, Richard Titmuss and Brian Abel-Smith.

Today, the society and the LSE continue to work together. The London School of Economics holds the Fabian Society archives including extensive correspondence and early photographs of Fabian Society events. It is also home to the Fabian window, a stained-glass image of early Fabians, designed by George Bernard Shaw.

The New Statesman was founded in 1913, the brainchild of Beatrice and Sidney Webb. With the financial support of George Bernard Shaw and other Fabian Society members, the Webbs recruited Clifford Sharp as the founding editor of the magazine and sold over 2,000 copies of the initial edition.

Writing in the Manchester Guardian of the new magazine, Sidney Webb said:

“Its distinctive feature will be its point of view – absolutely untrammelled by party, or sect, or creed. Its general attitude will be best designated by the term ‘Fabian,’ but it will endeavour to bring to light and to appreciate in a wide catholic spirit all those features in other social projects or movements which can be recognised as making for progress. A number of these connected with it are members of the Fabian Society, but this is true of nearly every enterprise nowadays, and the paper is in no sense the organ of the Fabian Society, any more than it will be that of the Liberal party. It is going to be really independent.

The New Stateman remained true to Webb’s independent vision and the voice of Fabianism gradually diminished over time. But the New Statesman remains a leading voice on the left in contemporary British politics.

Between the wars

As the electoral significance of the Labour Party grew in the inter-war period, the contribution of the society kept pace. In 1923, over twenty Fabians were elected to parliament, with five Fabians in Ramsay MacDonald’s first Labour cabinet. Future prime minister and Fabian Clement Attlee received his first ministerial post at this time.

The society continued as a space for political education and debate throughout the inter-war period. During this period the society had a formative influence on many of the future leaders of countries that were to win independence from the British Empire. After the second world war Fabian ideas were cited as inspirations for the policies of a number of newly-independent countries including India and Singapore.

Fabian policy thinking went through a fallow period but was revitalised in 1931 by the creation of the independent New Fabian Research Bureau, the brainchild of G.D.H Cole, which set the scene for much of the work of the 1945 Labour government before merging into the main society in 1938.

As war broke out in Europe, the Fabians creatred the intellectual architecture for the peacetime reconstruction. The Colonial Bureau of the Fabian Society engaged with questions of imperial administration and self-government, and William Robson’s essay Social Security explored many of the ideas that would later feature in the landmark Beveridge report.

The war also saw the blossoming of local Fabian societies. In 1939 there were just 6 local socities, by 1945 there were 120 local societies across the country. Though we do not today reach the numbers of those heady days, the local societies continue to make a vital contribution to the society’s work.

1945 and after

“It looks just like an enormous Fabian School”

Zena Parker on seeing the 1945 Parliamentary Labour Party in conclave

229 Fabian Society members were elected to Parliament in the 1945 Labour landslide, with many of them ministers in the Attlee administration.

But the Fabian contribution to Attlee’s reforming programme of 1945-51 had begun much earlier. The Labour manifesto Let us Face the Future had been written by Fabian Michael Young. Many of the pioneering reforms of the 1945 Labour government had been first developed in Fabian essays or pamphlets, including a ‘national medical service’ first proposed in a 1911 tract.

The process of renewal that had always been a part of the Society began in earnest as the general election in 1951 loomed. The New Fabian Essays included contributions from Anthony Crosland, Richard Titmuss, Richard Crossman,  Denis Healey, Roy Jenkins and would do much to refocus the Society’s work on the continuing problems of inequalities that persisted in British life.

These thinkers would prove vital to developing the agenda of the next Labour government in 1964 as Crossman, Titmuss, Abel-Smith and Crosland became the intellectual engine that underpinned much of the Wilson government.

But the 1960s and 70s proved a challenge for the society. Though it continued to expand its activity into new areas and developed a formidable research wing, Fabian ideas were under siege as the post-war consensus in British politics was put under increasing pressure in the mid- to late seventies.

Challenge and recovery

The Fabian Society, like all organisations on the left, was rocked by the post-1979 Labour disputes. The chair of the society, and former general secretary, Shirley Williams became one of the founding members of the SDP and the defection of a number of executive committee members challenged the long-standing affiliation of the Fabian Society to the Labour party. In a ballot of the whole membership it was affirmed that members of the SDP could only be non-voting, associate members and that the Society would continue to be affiliated to the Labour party.

This crisis successfully weathered, the society recovered to provide a platform for debate in the Labour party following the electoral mauling Labour suffered in 1983. The new leader Neil Kinnock and deputy leader Roy Hattersley were both actively engaged with the Society and the 1980s saw a number of important pamphlets published that both addressed the social and economic challenges of the day while developing and articulating an electoral strategy for the left to win again.

New Labour

In the 1990s the society came to be a major force in the modernisation of the Labour party, building on its work from the 1980s and developing many of the ideas that would come to characterise New Labour.

A New Constitution for the Labour Party was instrumental in the introduction of “one member, one vote” to party elections and contained the original recommendation for the replacement of Clause IV. A Fabian pamphlet by Ed Balls proposed independence for the Bank of England. The Fabians applied themselves to the challenges that Labour faced in building an election-winning coalition of voters and in the Southern Discomfort series pointed the way towards many of the changes that would take place and help Labour to its historic 1997 victory.

After Tony Blair’s landslide victory in 1997, over 200 Fabians sat in the House of Commons, including many of the cabinet. The society developed its role as a critical friend, supporting the Blair and Brown government’s in developing policy, without being afraid to draw attention to the omissions or shortcomings of the government. During these years the society conducted influential policy commissions on reforming the monarchy, ending child poverty and taxation and citizenship (the latter laying the ground for the Labour government’s decision to raise taxes to fund the NHS).

After 2010

The fall of the Labour government and the election of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government in 2010 marked a new era for the society. During the 2010-2015 parliament Labour was led by Ed Miliband, a prominent member of the society, and the Fabians played their traditional role of feeding new ideas into the party, completing major policy commissions on public spending and food poverty.

After the 2015 election and the election of Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader the role of the society as a pluralist, non-factional forum within the Labour movement came to the fore. The society was a platform for ideas for Labour politicians of every shade of opinion and hosted the party’s independent review on legal aid policy the Bach Commission. The society also convened policy commissions on the future of retail and on technology and work (jointly with the trade union Community).

Labour’s defeat at the 2019 election saw the party turn back towards its Fabian roots. The Labour leadership passed to Keir Starmer MP, the first time a serving member of the Fabian Society executive had become leader of the party. Starmer relinquished his position on the the society’s executive but the committee continued to include senior shadow cabinet ministers Wes Streeting and Anneliese Dodds. The broader Fabian membership contained over half the Shadow Cabinet, including Starmer, Angela Rayner (deputy Labour leader) and Rachel Reeves (shadow chancellor and another former executive committee member).

In 2020 Fabian membership increased to an all time high of over 8,000. Since then the society has been as close to the heart of Labour policy thinking as at any time in its history. It played an important role in contributing to the Labour Party’s 2024 Manifesto – for example by developing proposals for the development of a National Care Service.

 

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Chairs and general secretaries of the Fabian Society

	Chairs		General Secretaries
1939-46	G.D.H. Cole	1891-1913	E.R. Pease
1946-48	Harold Laski	1913-20	W.S. Sanders
1948-50	G.D.H Cole	1915-19	E.R. Pease (Acting)
1950-53	John Parker	1920-39	F.W. Galton
1953-54	Austen Albu	1939-45	John Parker
1954-55	Harold Wilson	1946-47	Bosworth Monck
1956-56	Margaret Cole	1947-49	Andrew Filson
1956-57	Arthur Skeffington	1949-53	Donald Chapman
1957-58	Roy Jenkins	1953-60	William Rodgers
1958-59	Eirene White	1960-63	Shirley Williams
1959-60	H.D. Hughes	1964-76	Tom Ponsonby
1960-61	Lord Faringdon	1976-82	Dianne Hayter
1961-62	C.A.R. Crosland	1982-85	Ian Martin
1962-63	Mary Stewart	1985-89	John Willman
1963-64	Brian Abel-Smith	1990-1996	Simon Crine
1964-65	Anthony Wedgwood Benn	1993-94	Glenys Thornton (Acting)
1965-66	Peter Townsend	1996-97	Stephen Twigg
1966-67	William Rodgers	1997-2003	Michael Jacobs
1967-68	Arthur Blenkinsop	2003-11	Sunder Katwala
1968-69	PeterShore	2011-	Andrew Harrop
1969-70	Thomas Balogh
1970-71	Jeremy Bray
1971-72	Peter Hall
1972-73	Anthony Lester
1973-74	Frank Judd
1974-75	Nicholas Bosanquet
1975-76	Colin Crouch
1976-77	Giles Radice
1977-78	Dick Leonard
1978-79	Philip Whitehead
1979-80	Peter Archer
1980-81	Shirley Williams
1981 Apr	David Lipsey
1982	David Lipsey
1983	Stella Meldram
1984	Jenny Jeger
1984-85	Tessa Blackstone
1985-86	Andrew McIntosh
1986-87	Austin Mitchell
1987-88	Nick Butler
1988-89	Bryan Gould
1989-90	David Bean
1990-91	Robin Cook
1991-92	Oonagh McDonald
1992-93	Dianne Hayter
1993-94	Ben Pimlott
1994-95	Alf Dubs
1995-96	Maggie Rice
1996-97	Chris Smith
1997-98	Margaret Hodge
1998-99	Tony Wright
1999-2000	Calum McDonald
2000-01	Gordon Marsden
2001-02	Denis MacShane
2002-03	Paul Richards
2003-04	Stephen Twigg
2004-05	Eric Joyce
2005-06	Seema Malhotra
2006-07	Ed Balls
2007-08	Anne Campbell
2008-10	Sadiq Khan
2010-12	Suresh Pushpananthan
2012-14	Jessica Asato
2014-16	Seema Malhotra
2016-18	Kate Green
2018-20	Ivana Bartoletti
2020-22	Martin Edobor
2022-23	Roy Kennedy
2023-	Sara Hyde